Jawaharlal Nehru Would Be Considered

Jawaharlal Nehru

Jawaharlal Nehru (14 November 1889–27 May 1964) was an Indian statesman who was the get-go, and is to date the longest-serving, prime minister of India, having served from 1947 until 1964. A leading figure in the Indian independence movement, Nehru was elected past the Congress party to assume office every bit independent India's first Prime number Minister, and later when the Congress won India's commencement general election in 1952. As one of the founders of the Not-aligned Movement, he was also an important figure in the international politics of the post-war era.He is often referred to equally Pandit Nehru ("pandit" being a Sanskrit and Hindi honorific meaning "scholar" or "teacher") and, specifically in India, as Panditji (with "-ji" being a suffix to the honorific).

The son of a wealthy Indian barrister and politician, Motilal Nehru, Nehru became a leader of the left fly of the Indian National Congress when all the same fairly young. Ascension to become Congress President, under the mentorship of Mahatma Gandhi, Nehru was a charismatic and radical leader, advocating complete independence from the British Empire. In the long struggle for Indian independence, in which he was a central player, Nehru was eventually recognized as Gandhi's political heir. Throughout his life, Nehru was also an advocate for Fabian socialism and the public sector equally the means by which long-standing challenges of economical evolution could be addressed by poorer nations.

Teaching
Nehru was educated in Britain at Harrow Schoolhouse, an independent school for boys in Harrow on the Hill, in West London, followed by Trinity College at the University of Cambridge, in Cambridge, Cambridgeshire.

Life and Career
Nehru was given the singular honour of raising the flag of independent India in New Delhi on fifteen August 1947, when India gained Independence. Nehru's appreciation of the virtues of parliamentary republic, secularism and liberalism coupled with concerns for the poor and underprivileged are recognised to have guided him in formulating policies that influence India to this mean solar day. They also reflect the socialist origins of his worldview. His long tenure was instrumental in shaping the traditions and structures of independent India. He is sometimes referred to as the "Architect of Modern Republic of india". His daughter, Indira Gandhi, and grandson, Rajiv Gandhi, also served as Prime Ministers of India.

India's First Prime Government minister
Nehru and his colleagues had been released equally the British Cabinet Mission arrived to propose plans for transfer of power. Once elected, Nehru headed an acting regime, which was impaired by outbreaks of communal violence and political disorder, and the opposition of the Muslim League led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah, who were demanding a separate Muslim state of Pakistan. After failed bids to form coalitions, Nehru reluctantly supported the partition of India, according to a plan released by the British on three June 1947. He took part as the Prime Minister of Republic of india on 15 August, and delivered his inaugural address titled "A Tryst With Destiny"

Nehru and his colleagues had been released as the British Cabinet Mission arrived to suggest plans for transfer of power. Once elected, Nehru headed an interim government, which was impaired by outbreaks of communal violence and political disorder, and the opposition of the Muslim League led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah, who were demanding a separate Muslim state of Pakistan. Later on failed bids to grade coalitions, Nehru reluctantly supported the partition of India, according to a plan released by the British on 3 June 1947. He took office as the Prime Minister of Republic of india on xv August, and delivered his inaugural accost titled "A Tryst With Destiny"

"Long years ago we made a tryst with destiny, and now the time comes when we shall redeem our pledge, not wholly or in full measure, merely very essentially. At the stroke of the midnight hour, when the world sleeps, India will awake to life and freedom. A moment comes, which comes but rarely in history, when nosotros step out from the quondam to the new, when an age ends, and when the soul of a nation, long suppressed, finds utterance. Information technology is fitting that at this solemn moment we have the pledge of dedication to the service of India and her people and to the nevertheless larger cause of humanity."

However, this menses was marked with intense communal violence. This violence swept across the Punjab region, Delhi, Bengal and other parts of Republic of india. Nehru conducted articulation tours with Pakistani leaders to encourage peace and calm angry and disillusioned refugees. Nehru would work with Maulana Azad and other Muslim leaders to safeguard and encourage Muslims to remain in India. The violence of the time deeply affected Nehru, who called for a ceasefire and UN intervention to end the Indo-Pakistani War of 1947. Fearing communal reprisals, Nehru besides hesitated in supporting the annexation of Hyderabad Country.

In the years post-obit independence, Nehru frequently turned to his daughter Indira to look subsequently him and manage his personal affairs. Nether his leadership, the Congress won an overwhelming bulk in the elections of 1952. Indira moved into Nehru'due south official residence to attend to him. Indira would virtually become Nehru's main of staff and constant companion in his travels beyond India and the world.

Economic Policies
Nehru presided over the introduction of a modified, Indian version of state planning and control over the economy. Creating the Planning committee of Bharat, Nehru drew up the first Five-Year Plan in 1951, which charted the government'south investments in industries and agriculture. Increasing business and income taxes, Nehru envisaged a mixed economic system in which the government would manage strategic industries such as mining, electricity and heavy industries, serving public interest and a check to private enterprise. Nehru pursued land redistribution and launched programmes to build irrigation canals, dams and spread the utilize of fertilizers to increase agricultural production. He besides pioneered a series of customs development programs aimed at spreading diverse cottage industries and increasing efficiency into rural India. While encouraging the construction of large dams (which Nehru chosen the 'new temples of India'), irrigation works and the generation of hydroelectricity, Nehru besides launched Bharat's programme to harness nuclear energy.

For nigh of Nehru's term as prime minister, Bharat would continue to face up serious food shortages despite progress and increases in agricultural production. Nehru's industrial policies, summarised in the Industrial Policy Resolution of 1956, encouraged the growth of various manufacturing and heavy industries, yet country planning, controls and regulations began to impair productivity, quality and profitability. Although the Indian economic system enjoyed a steady rate of growth, chronic unemployment amidst widespread poverty connected to plague the population.

Education and Social Reform
Jawaharlal Nehru was a passionate advocate of teaching for India's children and youth, believing it essential for India'south futurity progress. His government oversaw the establishment of many institutions of college learning, including the All Bharat Institute of Medical Sciences, the Indian Institutes of Technology and the Indian Institutes of Management. Nehru also outlined a commitment in his five-year plans to guarantee free and compulsory master instruction to all of India'due south children. For this purpose, Nehru oversaw the creation of mass village enrollment programmes and the construction of thousands of schools. Nehru besides launched initiatives such as the provision of free milk and meals to children in order to fight malnutrition. Adult didactics centres, vocational and technical schools were also organised for adults, especially in the rural areas.

Nether Nehru, the Indian Parliament enacted many changes to Hindu law to criminalize degree discrimination and increment the legal rights and social freedoms of women. A system of reservations in regime services and educational institutions was created to eradicate the social inequalities and disadvantages faced by peoples of the scheduled castes and scheduled tribes. Nehru also championed secularism and religious harmony, increasing the representation of minorities in regime.

Natinal Security and foreign policy
Nehru led newly independent India from 1947 to 1964, during its kickoff years of freedom from British dominion. Both the United States and the Union Soviet Socialist Republic take competed to make India an ally throughout the common cold war.

Although having promised in 1948 to concord a plebiscite in Kashmir under the auspices of the U.N. merely as Pakistan failed to pull back troops as per United nations resolution and equally Nehru grew increasingly wary of the U.N., he declined to hold a referendum in 1953. He ordered the arrest of the Kashmiri political leader Sheikh Abdullah, whom he had previously supported simply now suspected of harbouring separatist ambitions; Bakshi Ghulam Mohammad replaced him. On the international scene, Nehru was a champion of pacifism and a strong supporter of the United Nations. He pioneered the policy of non-alignment and co-founded the Not-Aligned Move of nations professing neutrality betwixt the rival blocs of nations led by the U.S. and the U.Due south.S.R. Recognising the People'south Republic of Red china soon subsequently its founding (while about of the Western bloc continued relations with the Republic of China), Nehru argued for its inclusion in the United Nations and refused to brand the Chinese every bit the aggressors in their conflict with Korea. He sought to institute warm and friendly relations with it despite the invasion of Tibet in 1950, and hoped to act equally an intermediary to bridge the gulf and tensions between the communist states and the Western bloc. This policy of pacifism and appeasement with respect to China shortly came unraveled when China annexed Aksai Chin, the region of Kashmir bordering Tibet in 1962 that led to the Sino-Indian war.

Nehru was hailed past many for working to defuse global tensions and the threat of nuclear weapons. He deputed the start written report of the human furnishings of nuclear explosions, and campaigned ceaselessly for the abolitionism of what he called "these frightful engines of destruction." He also had businesslike reasons for promoting de-nuclearisation, fearing that a nuclear artillery race would pb to over-militarisation that would be unaffordable for developing countries such as his own.

In 1956 he had criticised the joint invasion of the Suez Canal by the British, French and Israelis. Suspicion and distrust cooled relations between Republic of india and the U.S., which suspected Nehru of tacitly supporting the Soviet Union. Accepting the arbitration of the Uk and Globe Bank, Nehru signed the Indus Water Treaty in 1960 with Pakistani ruler Ayub Khan to resolve long-continuing disputes about sharing the resources of the major rivers of the Punjab region.

Concluding years
Nehru had led the Congress to a major victory in the 1957 elections, simply his regime was facing ascension issues and criticism. Disillusioned by intra-party corruption and grouse, Nehru contemplated resigning simply continued to serve. The election of his daughter Indira equally Congress President in 1959 aroused criticism for declared nepotism, although Nehru disapproved of her ballot, partly because he considered it smacked of "dynastism"; he said, indeed information technology was "wholly undemocratic and an undesirable thing", and refused her a position in his cabinet. Indira herself was at loggerheads with her father over policy; near notably, she used his often-stated personal deference to the Congress Working Committee to push through the dismissal of the Communist Party of Republic of india regime in the country of Kerala, over his ain objections. Nehru began to be frequently embarrassed by her ruthlessness and disregard for parliamentary tradition, and was "hurt" by what he saw equally an assertiveness with no purpose other than to stake out an identity independent of her male parent.

Although the Pancha Sila (Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence) was the basis of the 1954 Sino-Indian treaty over Tibet, in later years, Nehru'southward strange policy suffered through increasing Chinese animosity over border disputes and Nehru'due south determination to grant asylum to the Dalai Lama. After years of failed negotiations, Nehru authorized the Indian Army to annex Goa from Portugal in 1961. See liberation of Goa. While increasing his popularity, Nehru received criticism for opting for war machine activity.

In the 1962 elections, Nehru led the Congress to victory yet with a macerated bulk. Opposition parties ranging from the correct-fly Bharatiya Jana Sangh and Swatantra Party, socialists and the Communist Party of India performed well.

In a thing of months, the edge disputes with People's republic of china turned into open up disharmonize. Nehru causeless that as old victims of imperialism (Republic of india being a colony itself) they shared a sense of solidarity, as expressed in the phrase "Hindi-Chini bhai bhai" (Indians and Chinese are brothers). He was defended to the ideals of brotherhood and solidarity among developing nations. Nehru, naively, did not believe that one fellow Socialist land would attack another; and in whatsoever effect, he felt secure backside the impregnable wall of ice that is the Himalayas. Both proved to be severe miscalculations of China's intentions and military capabilities. Post-obit reports of his intention to confront Chinese occupation of the disputed areas—summarised in a memorable statement that he had asked the Army to "throw them (Chinese) out" - Prc launched a pre-emptive attack.

In a thing of days, a Chinese invasion of northeastern India exposed the weaknesses of India's military as Chinese forces came as far as Assam. Widely criticised for his authorities's insufficient attention to defence force, Nehru was forced to sack the defence minister Krishna Menon and seek U.S. armed forces aid. Nehru's wellness began declining steadily, and he was forced to spend months recuperating in Kashmir through 1963. Some historians attribute this dramatic decline to his surprise and chagrin over the invasion of Republic of india past the Chinese, which he perceived equally a betrayal of trust. Upon his render from Kashmir in May 1964, Nehru suffered a stroke and later a heart assail. He died in the early hours of 27 May 1964. Nehru was cremated in accordance with Hindu rites at the Shantivana on the banks of the Yamuna River, witnessed by hundreds of thousands of mourners who had flocked into the streets of Delhi and the cremation grounds.

Legacy
Equally Bharat'south first Prime minister and external diplomacy minister, Jawaharlal Nehru played a major role in shaping modern India'southward regime and political culture forth with sound foreign policy. He is praised for creating a organisation providing universal primary education, reaching children in the farthest corners of rural Republic of india. Nehru's education policy is besides credited for the development of globe-grade educational institutions such as the All India Establish of Medical Sciences, Indian Institutes of Engineering science, and the Indian Institutes of Management.

Nehru is credited for establishing a widespread system of affirmative action to provide equal opportunities and rights for India'southward ethnic groups, minorities, women, scheduled castes and scheduled tribes. Nehru's passion for egalitarianism meant that he put the country to work to try and cease widespread practices of discrimination against women and depressed classes, though with limited success in his lifetime.

Nevertheless, Nehru's stance equally a unfailing nationalist led him to also implement policies which stressed commonality among Indians while still appreciating regional diversities. This proved particularly important as post-Independence differences surfaced since British withdrawal from the subcontinent prompted regional leaders to no longer relate to ane another as allies confronting a common adversary. While differences of civilisation and, especially, linguistic communication threatened the unity of the new nation, Nehru established programs such as the National Volume Trust and the National Literary University which promoted the translation of regional literatures between languages and besides organized the transfer of materials between regions. In pursuit of a single, unified India, Nehru warned, "Integrate or perish."

Commemoration
In his lifetime, Jawaharlal Nehru enjoyed an iconic condition in India and was widely admired across the world for his idealism and statesmanship. His birthday, xiv November, is historic in India as Children'due south Day in recognition of his lifelong passion and work for the welfare, education and development of children and immature people. Children beyond Bharat remember him equally Chacha Nehru (Uncle Nehru). Nehru remains a popular symbol of the Congress political party which oftentimes celebrates his memory. Congress leaders and activists often emulate his manner of habiliment, especially the Gandhi cap, and his mannerisms. Nehru's ideals and policies proceed to shape the Congress party's manifesto and core political philosophy. An emotional attachment to his legacy was instrumental in the rising of his daughter Indira to leadership of the Congress party and the national government.

Many documentaries about Nehru's life have been produced. He has likewise been portrayed in fictionalised films. The canonical performance is probably that of Roshan Seth, who played him iii times: in Richard Attenborough'southward 1982 film Gandhi, Shyam Benegal'south 1988 television serial India Ek Khoj, based on Nehru'south The Discovery of India, and in a 2007 Television film entitled The Concluding Days of the Raj. In Ketan Mehta'due south motion-picture show Sardar, Nehru was portrayed past Benjamin Gilani. Nehru's personal preference for the sherwani ensured that information technology continues to be considered formal vesture in North India today; aside from lending his name to a kind of cap, the Nehru jacket is named in his honour due to his preference for that style.

Numerous public institutions and memorials across Republic of india are dedicated to Nehru'due south memory. The Jawaharlal Nehru University in Delhi is among the nearly prestigious universities in Republic of india. The Jawaharlal Nehru Port about the city of Bombay is a modernistic port and dock designed to handle a huge cargo and traffic load. Nehru'due south residence in Delhi is preserved as the Nehru Memorial Museum and Library. The Nehru family unit homes at Anand Bhavan and Swaraj Bhavan are also preserved to commemorate Nehru and his family's legacy.

Criticism
D. D. Kosambi, a well-known Marxist historian criticised Nehru in his article for the bourgeoisie grade exploitation of Nehru's socialist ideology for its ain purposes. Jaswant Singh, a former BJP leader, viewed Nehru, non Mohammad Ali Jinnah, as causing the partition of Bharat, mostly referring to his highly centralised policies for an independent India in 1947, which Jinnah opposed in favour of a more decentralised Bharat. The split between the two was among the causes of partition. Singh was later expelled from the BJP for having favourable views on Jinnah.